Idag länkar jag bara till min artikel på MovieZine.se igår. Och nämner min vän Kendra Beans nya bok om Vivien Leigh, som artikeln till viss del grundar sig på, Vivien Leigh: An Intimate Portrait.
Artikeln finns här:
http://www.moviezine.se/artikel/14983
Emma Gillar Film
onsdag 6 november 2013
onsdag 25 september 2013
Mitt actionfilmår
Det här året verkar bli ett av mina mest otippade bioår. Jag har aldrig sett så många storfilmer, och så få smalare filmer. I vanliga fall ser jag mig ju mer som en filmsnobb än som en blockbusterbrud. Men går man och skaffar sig en pojkvän som somnar bara av att höra en film beskrivas som "drama" är det svårt om man över huvud taget vill gå på bio.
Istället har jag nog sett de allra flesta stora action- eller scififilmerna i år.
Och det värsta är att jag har gillat dem betydligt mer än vad jag kunnat ana. Överlag, åtminstone.
Bottennappet var väl Fast and Furious 6. Det tycks alla vara överens om. Mindre trovärdig action får man leta efter. Länge, och noga. Den hade gärna kunnat sluta innan flygplansscenen, då hade den eventuellt kunnat räddas. Eller, skippa biljakten också, förresten. Den med tankern. Särskilt slutet på jakten.
En annan flopp, i mina ögon, var Pacific Rim. Ett: Vart var manuset? Två: Man ska inte behöva brista ut i pinsamhetsfnitter varje gång en karaktär ska försöka spela upp känslor. Tre: Varför, varför, varför ha de komiska elementen, i form av de två forskarna? Irriterande avbrott som inte tillförde någonting till storyn!
Det var ce stora kalkonerna i mina ögon, Fast and Furious 6 och Pacific Rim. Nu till de mer "mjae, kanske".
Star Trek Into Darkness är jag fortfarande delad till. Jag gillade storyn som helhet, gillar Star Trek och allt som har med det att göra. Men behövde den vara så blödig? Särskilt Kirk och Spock, och deras relation. Suck och pust. Tur att Benedict Cumberbatch kom och räddade filmen.
Jag gillade After Earth under tiden som jag satt i biosalongen. Likaså Oblivion. Men de lämnade väl egentligen inget särskilt eftertryck, och nu flera månader senare tänker ja att de kanske inte direkt var mästerverk, utan filmer som helt enkelt gjorde sitt jobb - de var underhållande i två timmar, sedan lät de mig gå hem och fortsätta med mitt liv utan vidare. Och såhär i efterhand har jag hört så mycket negativt om dem att jag börjar undra om det mest var jag som så gärna ville att de skulle vara bra och därför gjorde dem bra?
Elysium var cool. Det var den verkligen. Jag gillade hur "gritty" den var. Hur skulle man säga det på svenska? Den var smutsig och oglamorös. Socialrealism med politisk udd, som faktiskt stack ganska djupt. Och rå utan att vara äcklig eller elak. Jag gillar inte äckliga och elaka råa filmer. Där fanns vissa inkonsekventa berättelseelement tyckte jag (pojkvännen höll inte alls med). Och jag gillade inte scenerna uppe på själva Elysium, de var så plastiga och tråkiga, och sådan extrem kontrast till jorden. Vilket i och för sig var syftet, nödvändigt för att filmen skulle kunna bli en politisk kommentar. Tyvärr tvingades ofta de där elementen som gjorde filmen relevant att ge vika för underhållningselementen. På grund av filmens scifi.- och actionstämpel. Jag menar, filmen har ju inte direkt väckt någon debatt om USA, eller västvärldens, flyktingpolitik?
Den allra största överraskningen för min del var hur mycket jag älskade World War Z. Näst intill perfekt film. Jag hade svårt för början, att den startade så plötsligt. Men när jag väl kommit in i handlingen och köpt filmens koncept och premisser, så var den en ren skräckblandad njutning. Så snygg, och så bra upplagt, välbalanserad på alla sätt. Att jag tillhör de som alltid kommer älska Brad Pitt, vad han än gör, kanske också hör till saken... Men nej, det var helt enkelt en riktigt bra film.
Istället har jag nog sett de allra flesta stora action- eller scififilmerna i år.
Och det värsta är att jag har gillat dem betydligt mer än vad jag kunnat ana. Överlag, åtminstone.
Bottennappet var väl Fast and Furious 6. Det tycks alla vara överens om. Mindre trovärdig action får man leta efter. Länge, och noga. Den hade gärna kunnat sluta innan flygplansscenen, då hade den eventuellt kunnat räddas. Eller, skippa biljakten också, förresten. Den med tankern. Särskilt slutet på jakten.
En annan flopp, i mina ögon, var Pacific Rim. Ett: Vart var manuset? Två: Man ska inte behöva brista ut i pinsamhetsfnitter varje gång en karaktär ska försöka spela upp känslor. Tre: Varför, varför, varför ha de komiska elementen, i form av de två forskarna? Irriterande avbrott som inte tillförde någonting till storyn!
Det var ce stora kalkonerna i mina ögon, Fast and Furious 6 och Pacific Rim. Nu till de mer "mjae, kanske".
Star Trek Into Darkness är jag fortfarande delad till. Jag gillade storyn som helhet, gillar Star Trek och allt som har med det att göra. Men behövde den vara så blödig? Särskilt Kirk och Spock, och deras relation. Suck och pust. Tur att Benedict Cumberbatch kom och räddade filmen.
Jag gillade After Earth under tiden som jag satt i biosalongen. Likaså Oblivion. Men de lämnade väl egentligen inget särskilt eftertryck, och nu flera månader senare tänker ja att de kanske inte direkt var mästerverk, utan filmer som helt enkelt gjorde sitt jobb - de var underhållande i två timmar, sedan lät de mig gå hem och fortsätta med mitt liv utan vidare. Och såhär i efterhand har jag hört så mycket negativt om dem att jag börjar undra om det mest var jag som så gärna ville att de skulle vara bra och därför gjorde dem bra?
Elysium var cool. Det var den verkligen. Jag gillade hur "gritty" den var. Hur skulle man säga det på svenska? Den var smutsig och oglamorös. Socialrealism med politisk udd, som faktiskt stack ganska djupt. Och rå utan att vara äcklig eller elak. Jag gillar inte äckliga och elaka råa filmer. Där fanns vissa inkonsekventa berättelseelement tyckte jag (pojkvännen höll inte alls med). Och jag gillade inte scenerna uppe på själva Elysium, de var så plastiga och tråkiga, och sådan extrem kontrast till jorden. Vilket i och för sig var syftet, nödvändigt för att filmen skulle kunna bli en politisk kommentar. Tyvärr tvingades ofta de där elementen som gjorde filmen relevant att ge vika för underhållningselementen. På grund av filmens scifi.- och actionstämpel. Jag menar, filmen har ju inte direkt väckt någon debatt om USA, eller västvärldens, flyktingpolitik?
Den allra största överraskningen för min del var hur mycket jag älskade World War Z. Näst intill perfekt film. Jag hade svårt för början, att den startade så plötsligt. Men när jag väl kommit in i handlingen och köpt filmens koncept och premisser, så var den en ren skräckblandad njutning. Så snygg, och så bra upplagt, välbalanserad på alla sätt. Att jag tillhör de som alltid kommer älska Brad Pitt, vad han än gör, kanske också hör till saken... Men nej, det var helt enkelt en riktigt bra film.
torsdag 4 juli 2013
Man of Steel - besviken
Jag kom äntligen iväg och såg Man of Steel härom dagen.
Jag har sett fram emot den ända sedan första gången jag såg trailern någon gång i våras. Det var verkligen dags för en ny Stålmannen, och superhjältefilmerna har de senaste åren hållit en hög kvalitet. Plus, trailern till Man of Steel är onekligen väldigt, väldigt cool.
Jag har sett fram emot den ända sedan första gången jag såg trailern någon gång i våras. Det var verkligen dags för en ny Stålmannen, och superhjältefilmerna har de senaste åren hållit en hög kvalitet. Plus, trailern till Man of Steel är onekligen väldigt, väldigt cool.
Tyvärr tyckte jag inte att filmen var fullt lika bra.
Det kan delvis ha berott på min förkylning. Jag spenderade den första kvarten med att försöka ignorera kallsvetten i min panna efter promenaden från mig till SF Söder, en sträcka som jag verkligen inte borde ha blivit trött av om jag mått bra.
Men filmen i sig var faktiskt ingen hit, oavsett vilka ursäkter jag försöker hitta på. Det var helt enkelt för många explosioner, ibland omotiverade sådana, och för lite story. Berättandet avbröts och hackades sönder av slagsmål som inte verkade ha något berättartekniskt syfte.
Och flashbackarna fungerade inte alls. Varför inte ha en kronologiskt sammanhållen berättelse, där vi tydligt fick följa Clark Kents uppväxt fram till fiendens ankomst? Istället hoppade filmen mellan platser och tid utan att riktigt förankra mig som tittare i det. Jag kände aldrig för Clark Kent. Men visst var det meningen att jag skulle göra det?
Slagsmålen led i alla fall av att jag inte hade några sympatier för honom. De kändes som meningslösa tidsödslare i en redan för lång film, där två motparter som båda var oövervinneliga slogs tills de tröttnade, då de utan skråmor gick åt varsitt håll, för att sedan åter igen mötas lite senare i samma meningslösa styrkeprövning. Och så var det alla dessa explosioner.
Visst är det häftigt med stora, eldiga explosioner ibland. Men jag tröttnar snabbt. Särskilt om de kommer en efter annan, och till synes omotiverade.
Så har jag lite svårt för den här estetiken med fallande eller förstörda byggnader mitt i en storstad, där man aldrig får se att en enda civil person skadas eller dör. Avengers hade samma problem. Jag kan liksom inte vara lättad i slutet, när allt är över och de goda har segrat, om jag ser att en hel stad, på jag vet inte hur många tiotals miljoner invånare, ligger i spillror. Även om vi inte får se det i bild, så måste ett antal tusen människor ha strukit med när husen kollapsat. Och då är det helt enkelt inte ett gott slut.
Avengers, som jag i övrigt tokgillade, hade också det problemet att när filmen borde ha tagit slut satte en helt ny actionscen igång. Man of Steel var nästan snäppet värre. Där fanns minst två överflödiga slagsmål, efter att filmen gott och väl kunde ha slutat.
Min hjärna överbelastades helt enkelt, jag kunde inte fokusera, och struntade till slut i att försöka.
Och så gillar jag verkligen inte Amy Adams…
Innan filmen investerade vi förresten i varsitt par sådana där lite dyrare 3D-glasögon som de har på SF. Klart värt pengarna! Bilden blev liksom, i brist på annat ord, stabilare. Glasögonen satt stadigare, det blänkte inte lika mycket, och jag var inte alls lika medveten om att jag hade dem på mig som med de billigare och plastigare glasögonen. Dessutom ingår ett fodral, så kanske slipper vi reporna som var över hela synfältet på de billigare glasögonen, som vi sparat från andra föreställningar.
Bara för att ha någonting positivt att skriva.
Etiketter:
3D,
film på bio,
Hollywood,
recension
onsdag 12 juni 2013
Ur avhandlingen om Ingrid
På tal om det förra inlägget, kommer här andra kapitlet av min mastersavhandling, som handlar just om Ingrids Hollywoodfilmer och hur de skapar och upprätthåller en bild av Ingrid som exotiskt annorlunda. Vilket ju var temat för hela avhandlingen. Egentligen ganska torr och tråkig läsning, men nu finns det i alla fall att läsa om någon skulle ha lust. Skrivet våren och sommaren 2011.
The Hollywood-centred approach of this chapter presents an opportunity to explore a system popularly considered the dominant influence for creating images of and for the entire world, and to examine how it engages with the reality of transnationalism. A large number of Bergman’s Hollywood-produced films are set in countries outside of the USA. Some of her most successful and memorable films, such as Casablanca, Notorious (Alfred Hitchcock, 1946), and Gaslight (George Cukor, 1944) were all produced in the USA but are set in Morocco, Brazil and England respectively, as well as Spain in For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943), China in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (Mark Robson, 1958), Sweden in Intermezzo: A Love Affair (Gregory Ratoff, 1939), England in both Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Victor Fleming, 1941) and Indiscreet, and France in Joan of Arc (Victor Fleming, 1948), Goodbye Again (Anatole Litvak, 1961) and Anastasia (Litvak, 1956). In addition to the various national settings of her films, Bergman plays characters of various national origin, ranging between Norwegian, Spanish and Russian. The films that are set in the USA are often also imbued with a sense of European-ness; the connection to the Irish Catholic church in The Bells of St Mary’s (Leo McCarey, 1945), in which Bergman plays a Swedish nun, and the European connotations that are brought to Spellbound (Alfred Hitchcock, 1945) through its use of psychoanalysis as one of its main themes, distinguish them from that which might be considered typically American. Ingrid Bergman’s presence in these films can be seen if not to provoke, then certainly to strengthen and emphasise these attributes of European-ness. Transnationalism in these films takes its expression as a negotiation of foreignness leading to its suppression and containment in the Hollywood system, rendering the American perspective the norm. This is expressed by the exoticisation of Bergman and the tendency to have her play ‘foreign’ characters positioned in contrast to American characters.
In debates around globalisation and transnationalism, Hollywood as an industry has often been mentioned in negative terms as symbolising an Americanisation of the world.[1] Richard Pells attempts to define what he sees as a misrecognition of mass culture as specifically American, emphasising the reciprocity between American cultural production and the rest of the world. Stating how the USA has “habitually drawn on foreign styles and ideas”, he claims that “Americans have specialized in selling the fantasies and folklore of other people back to them. This is why a global mass culture has come to be identified, however simplistically, with the United States.”[2] It is true that Hollywood has always drawn on “foreign styles and ideas”, but this can be taken ever further when considering that much of the personnel in the Hollywood film production themselves had roots outside the USA.[3] Thus, the distinction between exoticisation of the other and representations of the experience of displacement becomes more problematic, as otherness is represented by someone who him/herself might be seen as other. One may thus contest the view of Hollywood as a symbol of homogenising Americanisation not only by pointing at the reciprocity of ideas and styles, but also by looking at the exchange of personnel across countries and film industries. Ingrid Bergman is but one example of how this mobility problematises the notion of Hollywood’s exoticisation of the nationally other. As many of Bergman’s Hollywood films were made by European émigrés, her otherness in the films can be considered a method to represent a self-experienced otherness by these filmmakers. It may, however, also represent a distance-taking to this otherness; if Bergman is othered in contrast to an accepted norm, it is this norm that is identified with, and not the other. Despite the otherness visible in these films, sympathies are aligned with the normalised American-ness, which in turn can function to confirm the successful integration of the émigrés into the Hollywood system and American society.
One of the defining characteristics of Hollywood’s classical era is its emphasis on moral propriety. Thomas Patrick Doherty states that “[w]hat makes Hollywood’s classic age ‘classical’ is not just the film style or the studio system but the moral stakes.”[4] Bergman’s characters, however, subvert the strict demands of propriety. Her exoticisation enables her to play characters who do not conform to notions of the ideal woman, but which through their otherness could be accepted in Hollywood. Film scholar Christian Viviani argues that because of their foreignness, female European actresses in classical Hollywood were forgiven moral ambiguities to a greater extent than American actresses. This is visible in a number of Bergman’s films, such as Intermezzo: A Love Story, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Notorious. Viviani states that “all these roles verged on the forbidden; we owe their existence and the truth drawn from them to the sweetness of Bergman’s features, her naturalness and her proudly proclaimed otherness.”[5] By remaining other, Bergman’s characters are relieved of the role as role-model; their exoticisation renders them not to be identified with, but to be fascinated by.
Cosmopolitanism remains a pervasive approach to connect Bergman’s films and their positioning of her characters. While cosmopolitanism is usually understood as an ability to integrate into any cultural context,[6] it has been defined by Ulrich Beck and Natan Sznaider as “the erosion of clear borders, separating markets, states, civilizations, religions, cultures, life-worlds of common people which…implies the involuntary confrontation with the alien other all over the globe.”[7] It does not in this sense erase otherness, but makes it a reality only more visible by confrontations with it. This describes Bergman’s films remarkably well, in their emphasis on transnational mobility and displacement as a natural way of life for her characters. While Bergman is repeatedly cast as a foreigner in various contexts and surroundings, the films do not represent this as the unproblematic integration of the foreigner into a new surrounding. Her foreignness is kept intact through her positioning against other, usually male, characters, who in contrast to Bergman are represented as integrated in their surroundings. This is illustrated for example by Paula’s helplessness and dependence on her husband in Gaslight, Robert Jordan assisting Maria along the mountain path in For Whom the Bell Tolls, or Rick Blaine’s final speech to Ilsa Lund in Casablanca, when he explains to her why their romance must end (figs. 11-13). Although these examples do not illustrate social or cultural difference per se, they do function to keep Bergman from being fully naturalised in her surroundings. While this can be interpreted from a feminist perspective, where Bergman’s otherness is caused by her being female in contrast to a male perspective, tensions around national belonging remains a strategy to highlight her characters’ otherness. In these films, Bergman’s presence thus presents the male characters with a “confrontation with the alien other”.[8] Cosmopolitanism in Hollywood, then, seems to build on this tension of representation between transnationalism and border-crossing as a modern way of life, and the need of locating the other and controlling it by clearly marking it as such–for example through exoticisation of characters and settings.
Despite the reciprocity between the USA and the rest of the world, as argued by Pells, then, Bergman’s Hollywood films build on the notion that her characters’ otherness needs to be justified by national otherness. There is a need to distinguish American from European through a representation of Europe and Europeans as other, while the American remains the norm represented as the modus operandi of the world. This is illustrated by the opposition of Bergman’s otherness to the integration of American characters in several films. The cosmopolitan American male is present in films such as Casablanca, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Bells of St Mary’s, Goodbye Again and Indiscreet. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, for example, Robert Jordan’s role as protagonist strengthens the representation of the central role of America and Americans in a global culture. Cosmopolitanism is represented as something inherently American through the male characters, as Americans can travel and integrate into any part of the world. From this perspective, Bergman’s characters are not cosmopolitan per se, not fully integrated in their surroundings, but represented as the other against which American cosmopolitanism may define itself. Bergman remains transnational, however, in her characters’ representation of national difference and transnational mobility.
The foreign influence on the Hollywood films discussed in this chapter primarily derives from Europe. This is visible in the film texts as they mainly use European countries either as their setting or the origin of key characters. That Hollywood seems to find it easy to represent Europe as a coherent unity might derive from a tradition of opposing America with Europe. This is not as much a geographical opposition as it is an opposition of values; Susan Sontag outlines these oppositions, represented in American literature by such authors as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman and Mark Twain, as being:
Although not all of these categories are appropriate to describe Bergman’s Hollywood films and their relationship to Europe, they are illustrative of the opposition of America and Europe that seems a well-established stance in American consciousness, reproduced by Hollywood. This dichotomy is evident in Hitchcock’s Spellbound. In her emotional development, Bergman’s Dr Petersen moves from the category of “European intellectualizing” to that of “American pragmatism”. Initially adhering strictly to the closed-room conversations promoted by psychoanalytic practice, she turns to concrete action as she becomes emotionally involved with her patient, taking him skiing to relive a traumatic experience. She thus “forg[es] a new identity by tapping a suppressed capacity within herself for feeling and committed action”[10]–a “new identity” with American, rather than the previous European, connotations, based on action rather than intellectualising. The narrative may be resolved only when Dr Petersen confirms her American values.
Bergman’s characters’ nationality is most often revealed through a line of dialogue as a brief acknowledgement of the otherness which her characters display. In Rage in Heaven (W. S. Van Dyke, 1941), for example, Bergman’s Stella is described to be a refugee “from the continent”, as the alluring, exotic other, whom the two male characters but cannot help fall for. In Gaslight, Bergman’s Paula Alquist’s nationality is not made explicit, but her otherness is acknowledged when an English woman whom Paula encounters on a train in Italy asks “You’re not from England, are you?” to which Paula replies “No, I was brought up there.”
Before the dialogue reveals a specific nationality, however, Bergman’s otherness is signalled specifically through her speech – the accented voice. The melody of her non-native English voice distinguishes her from other characters and locates her in the narrative. Michel Chion discusses the importance of the human voice in films, stating how upon hearing a voice “the ear attempts to analyze the sound[…]and always tries to localize[…]the voice.”[11] Although Chion uses the word ‘localize’ to mean to identify the body to which the voice belongs, this localisation can also be thought of as localising an accent to its geographical origin. For an audience proficient enough in English to distinguish accents, then, this is an efficient way in which Bergman’s characters are positioned as nationally other.
In For Whom the Bell Tolls Bergman’s Maria is contrasted to other characters principally through her voice. She lives in the mountains with a band of thieves, having been taken prisoner by the nationalists after her parents are shot for their support of the republic of Spain, and rescued by the band. While the thieves speak English with a distinctly Spanish-influenced accent, Maria’s cannot be labelled so. Although she is not nationally separated from the group, she becomes so through her speech. The roughness of the thieves is signalled through their speech in a narrative where American English is represented as the norm. Maria is thus distinguished by her accented voice, but without being associated with the brutality of the thieves.
If voice is one method of defining Bergman’s otherness, language, too, is a persistently recurring element that illustrates Hollywood’s approach to cosmopolitanism as something inherently American. In The Inn of the Sixth Happiness Bergman’s Gladys travels through Russia on her way to China, and encounters trouble when the military embarks on her train. As the only civilian among the military, she is harshly shouted at in Russian. The problem is solved, however, by the appearance of a man who speaks English. This is a presumption that recurs in various ways in the film; that English is the cosmopolitan language above all others, spoken all over the world. Another instance of this Anglo-centric approach of the film is its way of replacing a foreign language with English. As Gladys has arrived in China, English is made to stand in for Chinese in scenes where Chinese-speaking characters speak to each other. This first happens between the male protagonist Lin Nan and the judge in the village Gladys settles in, and then once Gladys has learnt Chinese, English represents the Chinese she is speaking with local inhabitants. The claims of cosmopolitanism are thus undermined, as the representation of the foreign retains its Anglo-centric approach.
In the relationship between characters and setting in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, there is a double sense of othering and exoticising. The Russians with whom Gladys travels are represented as different and strange in their identical uniforms and through their language, with no distinction between them apart from the man who happens to speak English wearing a different uniform. The train itself marks cultural difference, with its bare wooden compartments with no signs of the comfort earlier displayed in the European trains. In this strange setting, however, Gladys is simultaneously made other, being an English woman, which in the eyes of the military is exotic and alluring (fig. 14). Similarly, when she arrives in China, there is a tension between the otherness of the English-woman in the eyes of the local inhabitants and the exoticisation of their community by the Western perspective of the film. The local inhabitants stare and point at her, while the camera pans to show details of rural local life, displaying its quaintness to the spectator. This tension is only resolved as Gladys through her missionary work imposes western ideals on the locals, and is accepted into the community through the goodness these ideals supposedly bestows upon the local community.
In the case studies of the two films Casablanca and Indiscreet I will expand the discussion so far to look at how Ingrid Bergman’s characters embody certain values and attitudes which may inform their position as nationally other, and examine how this relates to Hollywood’s strategies of representing and containing otherness through exoticism. I will explore how these films retain American-ness as the modus operandi of transnational culture, and explore how transnationalism is negotiated through Hollywood’s Anglo-centric approach to the concept of otherness, as represented through characters, settings and narratives.
Casablanca serves as an example of a film where national identity is highly important for the plot, determining the characters and their actions. The Second World War setting inevitably brings European connotations to the film, and the plot attains its force from the tensions between nations and nationalities caused by the war. The USA is made the counterpart to this European-ness in several ways. Firstly, the ultimate goal of these characters is to cross the Atlantic to the USA. The USA is made the ideal, where freedom can be attained, against which everywhere else becomes other in comparison. Secondly, through the character of Rick Blaine–the former lover of Bergman’s Ilsa Lund–who through his American-ness distinguishes himself from the other characters in Casablanca. Everyone is a stranger in Casablanca, an other, except for Rick, who as an American, the film seems to suggest, may integrate into any context, like a true cosmopolitan. In contrast to Ilsa’s determination to cross the Atlantic, Rick displays no clear sense of belonging, and as an American is not restricted in his mobility by national belonging but may settle anywhere in the world. Similarly, Rick’s Café Amèricain is represented as a refuge for anyone and everyone, its American connotations placing it as a neutral space where all nationalities may interact.
Ilsa, of Norwegian origin, is only one of many nationally ‘other’ in Casablanca, but is singled out by her association with Victor Laszlo, one of the most prominent leaders of the resistance against Germany. As such, he and Ilsa are kept under strict observation by the police, thus being distinguished from the mass of Europeans in Casablanca. It is also through her marriage to Laszlo that she is kept othered from Rick. The flashback of Rick’s and Ilsa’s romance in Paris gives no clear reason for her abandoning Rick–something which has left him cold and bitter. It is only later, in Casablanca, that it is revealed to Rick and to the audience, that Ilsa found out that Laszlo had survived his imprisonment in a concentration camp, and she returned to him. The inexplicability of her action in Paris when abandoning Rick, as well as the unreliability of her intensions in Casablanca as she goes from threatening Rick with a gun to declaring her love for him, is thus explained by her attachment to Laszlo.
Both Ilsa and Laszlo are othered in contrast to Rick, their European-ness positioned against his American-ness. That this gap between European and American cannot be bridged is illustrated by the ending of the film. Rick realises that his and Ilsa’s romance is impossible, and allows Ilsa to leave Casablanca with Laszlo. This can be seen to express an incompatibility between the European and the American, an irresolvable divide that keeps Ilsa and Rick apart. Telling Ilsa, “where I’m going, you can’t follow, what I’ve got to do, you can’t be any part of”, Rick taps into the fundamental difference between him and Ilsa – his American cosmopolitanism allows him to go to places where her European otherness would be an obstacle. This again reinforces the notion of the American cosmopolitan’s ability to settle anywhere in the world.
Indiscreet presents Bergman in a different manner than most other films. Bergman’s Anna Kalman is presented as a Londoner, and with its London setting this is one of only a few films where Bergman’s character despite her accented speech is an English native speaker–the others being for example Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Under Capricorn (Alfred Hitchcock, 1949), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness and Goodbye Again. That these films are all set outside America, in what for Hollywood might be seen as ‘exotic’ or at least foreign locations, might allow for the hint of Bergman’s Swedish; it is not as much of a disjuncture for Bergman to portray a native English speaker in a foreign setting, as her foreign accent is justified by it, be it England, Australia, China or France.
Apart from her accent, however, Anna is distinguished by her success as an actress, which impacts on how she negotiates space. She is constantly stopped, even followed, by fans wanting her autograph, so that navigating the streets of London becomes difficult and makes her stand out even in her home city. Most of the narrative takes place indoors, however, in the room where Anna lives, and the outdoors scenes seem to function mainly to illustrate Anna’s otherness and the impossibility for her to be fully integrated into society. This is used to a comic effect, for example when Anna and her romantic interest decide to walk home after a night out, and are closely followed by her chauffeur (fig. 15), but functions also to distinguish Anna from the ‘ordinary’ Londoners.
An awareness of the outside world is however displayed in various ways, through the character of Philip Adams, an American with whom Anna becomes romantically involved. Philip, due to work with NATO, travels the world, mainly between the USA, London and Paris. While Anna seems restricted to London, the world is presented as easily accessible for Philip. Anna’s restriction is illustrated first as she at the start of the narrative returns from an unsuccessful holiday abroad, which she has cut short to return to London. Then, after beginning her romance with Philip, Anna plans to go to New York to surprise him there, but this is deferred when she learns that Philip has decided to stay in London. The decision for mobility and travel remains in Philip’s hands, and Anna’s actions are limited by his mobility. Cosmopolitanism is thus again represented to be a privilege limited to the American.
The cosmopolitan notion of the blurring of national borders, described by Beck and Sznaider, is illustrated rather literally in one scene in Indiscreet in particular.[12] A split screen shows Philip who is in Paris on one side, and Anna in London on the other, as they are in bed talking to each other on the telephone. While the split screen emphasises the geographical distance between them, their movements are made to coincide so that it seems they are lying next to each other. Borders are thus suggested to be crossed through Anna’s and Philip’s interactions, while remaining intact by the split screen (fig. 16). This imagined crossing of borders can be carried out without breaking Anna’s restriction to London, while Philip retains his cosmopolitan appeal.
This idea of borders being crossed while remaining intact is highlighted by Mette Hjort and Scott MacKenzie. Referring to political theorist Benjamin Barber’s claims that “globalisation and nationalism in many cases are two sides of the same coin” they suggests that “film scholars should be intent, not so much on avoiding concepts of nationhood and nationality, but on refining them and clearly identifying their continued, although changing pertinence for film studies.”[13] This notion will be developed in the next chapter, which examines Bergman’s work with some major film directors who are generally understood as representatives of their national cinema. While this chapter has explored the interaction of nationalities and national context in Hollywood films, which take an overtly American approach to cosmopolitanism, the next chapter illustrates the continued importance of national identity despite, or due to, the reality of transnational mobility.
[1] Constantine Verevis, Film Remakes (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 3.
[2] Richard Pells, “From Modernism to the Movies: The Globalization of American Culture in the Twentieth Century,” in European Journal of American Culture, vol. 23, no. 2. (2004): 144.
[3] Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, “Introduction,” in Hollywood & Europe: Economics, Culture, National Identity 1945-95, eds. Nowell-Smith; Steven Ricci (London: BFI, 1998).
[4] Thomas Patrick Doherty, Pre-code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930-1934 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 5.
[5] Christian Viviani, “The ‘Foreign Woman’ in Classical Hollywood Cinema,” in Journeys of Desire: European Actors in Hollywood, eds. Alastair Phillips and Ginette Vincendeau (London: BFI, 2006), 99.
[6] Sean Cubitt, The Cinema Effect (Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press, 2004), 335.
[7] Ulrich Beck and Natan Sznaider, “New cosmopolitanism in the social sciences,” in The Routledge Handbook of Globalization Studies, ed. Bryan S. Turner (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), 636.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Susan Sontag, ”Literature is Freedom: Speech on the Occasion of the Award of the Peace Price of the German Booksellers Association, Frankfurt Book Fair, October 2003,” in Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations After the Iraq War, eds. Daniel Lévy; Max Pensky; John C. Torpey (London; New York: Verso, 2005), 210.
[10] Thomas Hyde, “The Moral Universe of Hitchcock’s Spellbound,” in A Hitchcock Reader, eds. Marshall Deutelbaum and Leland A. Poague (Malden; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 157.
[11] Michel Chion, The Voice in the Cinema (New York: Columbia University Pree, 1999), 5. [Italics in original]
[12] Beck and Sznaider (2010).
[13] Mette Hjort and Scott MacKenzie, “Introduction,” in Cinema & Nation, eds. Hjort and MacKenzie (London: Routledge, 2002), 2.
2. Cosmopolitanism the Hollywood Way
This chapter will look at Bergman’s Hollywood films, to examine how they position Bergman’s characters as other and how the films articulate the exoticisation of the foreigner through Bergman’s characters. Through a survey of her Hollywood films, as well as case studies of Casablanca (Michael Curtiz, 1942) and Indiscreet (Stanley Donen, 1958), I will specifically examine how the Hollywood films present an Anglo-centric cosmopolitanism by placing American-ness at the core of the idea of a global culture, and explore how tensions in the relationship between the USA and Europe are expressed by the Hollywood studio system through Bergman’s films and the positioning of her characters in them. Notions of transnationalism and globalisation will be employed as a method to understand the position of Bergman’s characters in different national contexts, to examine the representations of the relationship between Hollywood as a typically American institution and Europe as symbolising otherness.The Hollywood-centred approach of this chapter presents an opportunity to explore a system popularly considered the dominant influence for creating images of and for the entire world, and to examine how it engages with the reality of transnationalism. A large number of Bergman’s Hollywood-produced films are set in countries outside of the USA. Some of her most successful and memorable films, such as Casablanca, Notorious (Alfred Hitchcock, 1946), and Gaslight (George Cukor, 1944) were all produced in the USA but are set in Morocco, Brazil and England respectively, as well as Spain in For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943), China in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (Mark Robson, 1958), Sweden in Intermezzo: A Love Affair (Gregory Ratoff, 1939), England in both Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Victor Fleming, 1941) and Indiscreet, and France in Joan of Arc (Victor Fleming, 1948), Goodbye Again (Anatole Litvak, 1961) and Anastasia (Litvak, 1956). In addition to the various national settings of her films, Bergman plays characters of various national origin, ranging between Norwegian, Spanish and Russian. The films that are set in the USA are often also imbued with a sense of European-ness; the connection to the Irish Catholic church in The Bells of St Mary’s (Leo McCarey, 1945), in which Bergman plays a Swedish nun, and the European connotations that are brought to Spellbound (Alfred Hitchcock, 1945) through its use of psychoanalysis as one of its main themes, distinguish them from that which might be considered typically American. Ingrid Bergman’s presence in these films can be seen if not to provoke, then certainly to strengthen and emphasise these attributes of European-ness. Transnationalism in these films takes its expression as a negotiation of foreignness leading to its suppression and containment in the Hollywood system, rendering the American perspective the norm. This is expressed by the exoticisation of Bergman and the tendency to have her play ‘foreign’ characters positioned in contrast to American characters.
In debates around globalisation and transnationalism, Hollywood as an industry has often been mentioned in negative terms as symbolising an Americanisation of the world.[1] Richard Pells attempts to define what he sees as a misrecognition of mass culture as specifically American, emphasising the reciprocity between American cultural production and the rest of the world. Stating how the USA has “habitually drawn on foreign styles and ideas”, he claims that “Americans have specialized in selling the fantasies and folklore of other people back to them. This is why a global mass culture has come to be identified, however simplistically, with the United States.”[2] It is true that Hollywood has always drawn on “foreign styles and ideas”, but this can be taken ever further when considering that much of the personnel in the Hollywood film production themselves had roots outside the USA.[3] Thus, the distinction between exoticisation of the other and representations of the experience of displacement becomes more problematic, as otherness is represented by someone who him/herself might be seen as other. One may thus contest the view of Hollywood as a symbol of homogenising Americanisation not only by pointing at the reciprocity of ideas and styles, but also by looking at the exchange of personnel across countries and film industries. Ingrid Bergman is but one example of how this mobility problematises the notion of Hollywood’s exoticisation of the nationally other. As many of Bergman’s Hollywood films were made by European émigrés, her otherness in the films can be considered a method to represent a self-experienced otherness by these filmmakers. It may, however, also represent a distance-taking to this otherness; if Bergman is othered in contrast to an accepted norm, it is this norm that is identified with, and not the other. Despite the otherness visible in these films, sympathies are aligned with the normalised American-ness, which in turn can function to confirm the successful integration of the émigrés into the Hollywood system and American society.
One of the defining characteristics of Hollywood’s classical era is its emphasis on moral propriety. Thomas Patrick Doherty states that “[w]hat makes Hollywood’s classic age ‘classical’ is not just the film style or the studio system but the moral stakes.”[4] Bergman’s characters, however, subvert the strict demands of propriety. Her exoticisation enables her to play characters who do not conform to notions of the ideal woman, but which through their otherness could be accepted in Hollywood. Film scholar Christian Viviani argues that because of their foreignness, female European actresses in classical Hollywood were forgiven moral ambiguities to a greater extent than American actresses. This is visible in a number of Bergman’s films, such as Intermezzo: A Love Story, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Notorious. Viviani states that “all these roles verged on the forbidden; we owe their existence and the truth drawn from them to the sweetness of Bergman’s features, her naturalness and her proudly proclaimed otherness.”[5] By remaining other, Bergman’s characters are relieved of the role as role-model; their exoticisation renders them not to be identified with, but to be fascinated by.
Cosmopolitanism remains a pervasive approach to connect Bergman’s films and their positioning of her characters. While cosmopolitanism is usually understood as an ability to integrate into any cultural context,[6] it has been defined by Ulrich Beck and Natan Sznaider as “the erosion of clear borders, separating markets, states, civilizations, religions, cultures, life-worlds of common people which…implies the involuntary confrontation with the alien other all over the globe.”[7] It does not in this sense erase otherness, but makes it a reality only more visible by confrontations with it. This describes Bergman’s films remarkably well, in their emphasis on transnational mobility and displacement as a natural way of life for her characters. While Bergman is repeatedly cast as a foreigner in various contexts and surroundings, the films do not represent this as the unproblematic integration of the foreigner into a new surrounding. Her foreignness is kept intact through her positioning against other, usually male, characters, who in contrast to Bergman are represented as integrated in their surroundings. This is illustrated for example by Paula’s helplessness and dependence on her husband in Gaslight, Robert Jordan assisting Maria along the mountain path in For Whom the Bell Tolls, or Rick Blaine’s final speech to Ilsa Lund in Casablanca, when he explains to her why their romance must end (figs. 11-13). Although these examples do not illustrate social or cultural difference per se, they do function to keep Bergman from being fully naturalised in her surroundings. While this can be interpreted from a feminist perspective, where Bergman’s otherness is caused by her being female in contrast to a male perspective, tensions around national belonging remains a strategy to highlight her characters’ otherness. In these films, Bergman’s presence thus presents the male characters with a “confrontation with the alien other”.[8] Cosmopolitanism in Hollywood, then, seems to build on this tension of representation between transnationalism and border-crossing as a modern way of life, and the need of locating the other and controlling it by clearly marking it as such–for example through exoticisation of characters and settings.
Despite the reciprocity between the USA and the rest of the world, as argued by Pells, then, Bergman’s Hollywood films build on the notion that her characters’ otherness needs to be justified by national otherness. There is a need to distinguish American from European through a representation of Europe and Europeans as other, while the American remains the norm represented as the modus operandi of the world. This is illustrated by the opposition of Bergman’s otherness to the integration of American characters in several films. The cosmopolitan American male is present in films such as Casablanca, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Bells of St Mary’s, Goodbye Again and Indiscreet. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, for example, Robert Jordan’s role as protagonist strengthens the representation of the central role of America and Americans in a global culture. Cosmopolitanism is represented as something inherently American through the male characters, as Americans can travel and integrate into any part of the world. From this perspective, Bergman’s characters are not cosmopolitan per se, not fully integrated in their surroundings, but represented as the other against which American cosmopolitanism may define itself. Bergman remains transnational, however, in her characters’ representation of national difference and transnational mobility.
The foreign influence on the Hollywood films discussed in this chapter primarily derives from Europe. This is visible in the film texts as they mainly use European countries either as their setting or the origin of key characters. That Hollywood seems to find it easy to represent Europe as a coherent unity might derive from a tradition of opposing America with Europe. This is not as much a geographical opposition as it is an opposition of values; Susan Sontag outlines these oppositions, represented in American literature by such authors as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman and Mark Twain, as being:
American innocence and European sophistication; American pragmatism and European intellectualizing; American energy and European world-weariness; American naiveté and European cynicism, American goodheartedness and European malice; American moralism and the European arts of compromise.[9]
Although not all of these categories are appropriate to describe Bergman’s Hollywood films and their relationship to Europe, they are illustrative of the opposition of America and Europe that seems a well-established stance in American consciousness, reproduced by Hollywood. This dichotomy is evident in Hitchcock’s Spellbound. In her emotional development, Bergman’s Dr Petersen moves from the category of “European intellectualizing” to that of “American pragmatism”. Initially adhering strictly to the closed-room conversations promoted by psychoanalytic practice, she turns to concrete action as she becomes emotionally involved with her patient, taking him skiing to relive a traumatic experience. She thus “forg[es] a new identity by tapping a suppressed capacity within herself for feeling and committed action”[10]–a “new identity” with American, rather than the previous European, connotations, based on action rather than intellectualising. The narrative may be resolved only when Dr Petersen confirms her American values.
Bergman’s characters’ nationality is most often revealed through a line of dialogue as a brief acknowledgement of the otherness which her characters display. In Rage in Heaven (W. S. Van Dyke, 1941), for example, Bergman’s Stella is described to be a refugee “from the continent”, as the alluring, exotic other, whom the two male characters but cannot help fall for. In Gaslight, Bergman’s Paula Alquist’s nationality is not made explicit, but her otherness is acknowledged when an English woman whom Paula encounters on a train in Italy asks “You’re not from England, are you?” to which Paula replies “No, I was brought up there.”
Before the dialogue reveals a specific nationality, however, Bergman’s otherness is signalled specifically through her speech – the accented voice. The melody of her non-native English voice distinguishes her from other characters and locates her in the narrative. Michel Chion discusses the importance of the human voice in films, stating how upon hearing a voice “the ear attempts to analyze the sound[…]and always tries to localize[…]the voice.”[11] Although Chion uses the word ‘localize’ to mean to identify the body to which the voice belongs, this localisation can also be thought of as localising an accent to its geographical origin. For an audience proficient enough in English to distinguish accents, then, this is an efficient way in which Bergman’s characters are positioned as nationally other.
In For Whom the Bell Tolls Bergman’s Maria is contrasted to other characters principally through her voice. She lives in the mountains with a band of thieves, having been taken prisoner by the nationalists after her parents are shot for their support of the republic of Spain, and rescued by the band. While the thieves speak English with a distinctly Spanish-influenced accent, Maria’s cannot be labelled so. Although she is not nationally separated from the group, she becomes so through her speech. The roughness of the thieves is signalled through their speech in a narrative where American English is represented as the norm. Maria is thus distinguished by her accented voice, but without being associated with the brutality of the thieves.
If voice is one method of defining Bergman’s otherness, language, too, is a persistently recurring element that illustrates Hollywood’s approach to cosmopolitanism as something inherently American. In The Inn of the Sixth Happiness Bergman’s Gladys travels through Russia on her way to China, and encounters trouble when the military embarks on her train. As the only civilian among the military, she is harshly shouted at in Russian. The problem is solved, however, by the appearance of a man who speaks English. This is a presumption that recurs in various ways in the film; that English is the cosmopolitan language above all others, spoken all over the world. Another instance of this Anglo-centric approach of the film is its way of replacing a foreign language with English. As Gladys has arrived in China, English is made to stand in for Chinese in scenes where Chinese-speaking characters speak to each other. This first happens between the male protagonist Lin Nan and the judge in the village Gladys settles in, and then once Gladys has learnt Chinese, English represents the Chinese she is speaking with local inhabitants. The claims of cosmopolitanism are thus undermined, as the representation of the foreign retains its Anglo-centric approach.
In the relationship between characters and setting in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, there is a double sense of othering and exoticising. The Russians with whom Gladys travels are represented as different and strange in their identical uniforms and through their language, with no distinction between them apart from the man who happens to speak English wearing a different uniform. The train itself marks cultural difference, with its bare wooden compartments with no signs of the comfort earlier displayed in the European trains. In this strange setting, however, Gladys is simultaneously made other, being an English woman, which in the eyes of the military is exotic and alluring (fig. 14). Similarly, when she arrives in China, there is a tension between the otherness of the English-woman in the eyes of the local inhabitants and the exoticisation of their community by the Western perspective of the film. The local inhabitants stare and point at her, while the camera pans to show details of rural local life, displaying its quaintness to the spectator. This tension is only resolved as Gladys through her missionary work imposes western ideals on the locals, and is accepted into the community through the goodness these ideals supposedly bestows upon the local community.
In the case studies of the two films Casablanca and Indiscreet I will expand the discussion so far to look at how Ingrid Bergman’s characters embody certain values and attitudes which may inform their position as nationally other, and examine how this relates to Hollywood’s strategies of representing and containing otherness through exoticism. I will explore how these films retain American-ness as the modus operandi of transnational culture, and explore how transnationalism is negotiated through Hollywood’s Anglo-centric approach to the concept of otherness, as represented through characters, settings and narratives.
Casablanca serves as an example of a film where national identity is highly important for the plot, determining the characters and their actions. The Second World War setting inevitably brings European connotations to the film, and the plot attains its force from the tensions between nations and nationalities caused by the war. The USA is made the counterpart to this European-ness in several ways. Firstly, the ultimate goal of these characters is to cross the Atlantic to the USA. The USA is made the ideal, where freedom can be attained, against which everywhere else becomes other in comparison. Secondly, through the character of Rick Blaine–the former lover of Bergman’s Ilsa Lund–who through his American-ness distinguishes himself from the other characters in Casablanca. Everyone is a stranger in Casablanca, an other, except for Rick, who as an American, the film seems to suggest, may integrate into any context, like a true cosmopolitan. In contrast to Ilsa’s determination to cross the Atlantic, Rick displays no clear sense of belonging, and as an American is not restricted in his mobility by national belonging but may settle anywhere in the world. Similarly, Rick’s Café Amèricain is represented as a refuge for anyone and everyone, its American connotations placing it as a neutral space where all nationalities may interact.
Ilsa, of Norwegian origin, is only one of many nationally ‘other’ in Casablanca, but is singled out by her association with Victor Laszlo, one of the most prominent leaders of the resistance against Germany. As such, he and Ilsa are kept under strict observation by the police, thus being distinguished from the mass of Europeans in Casablanca. It is also through her marriage to Laszlo that she is kept othered from Rick. The flashback of Rick’s and Ilsa’s romance in Paris gives no clear reason for her abandoning Rick–something which has left him cold and bitter. It is only later, in Casablanca, that it is revealed to Rick and to the audience, that Ilsa found out that Laszlo had survived his imprisonment in a concentration camp, and she returned to him. The inexplicability of her action in Paris when abandoning Rick, as well as the unreliability of her intensions in Casablanca as she goes from threatening Rick with a gun to declaring her love for him, is thus explained by her attachment to Laszlo.
Both Ilsa and Laszlo are othered in contrast to Rick, their European-ness positioned against his American-ness. That this gap between European and American cannot be bridged is illustrated by the ending of the film. Rick realises that his and Ilsa’s romance is impossible, and allows Ilsa to leave Casablanca with Laszlo. This can be seen to express an incompatibility between the European and the American, an irresolvable divide that keeps Ilsa and Rick apart. Telling Ilsa, “where I’m going, you can’t follow, what I’ve got to do, you can’t be any part of”, Rick taps into the fundamental difference between him and Ilsa – his American cosmopolitanism allows him to go to places where her European otherness would be an obstacle. This again reinforces the notion of the American cosmopolitan’s ability to settle anywhere in the world.
Indiscreet presents Bergman in a different manner than most other films. Bergman’s Anna Kalman is presented as a Londoner, and with its London setting this is one of only a few films where Bergman’s character despite her accented speech is an English native speaker–the others being for example Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Under Capricorn (Alfred Hitchcock, 1949), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness and Goodbye Again. That these films are all set outside America, in what for Hollywood might be seen as ‘exotic’ or at least foreign locations, might allow for the hint of Bergman’s Swedish; it is not as much of a disjuncture for Bergman to portray a native English speaker in a foreign setting, as her foreign accent is justified by it, be it England, Australia, China or France.
Apart from her accent, however, Anna is distinguished by her success as an actress, which impacts on how she negotiates space. She is constantly stopped, even followed, by fans wanting her autograph, so that navigating the streets of London becomes difficult and makes her stand out even in her home city. Most of the narrative takes place indoors, however, in the room where Anna lives, and the outdoors scenes seem to function mainly to illustrate Anna’s otherness and the impossibility for her to be fully integrated into society. This is used to a comic effect, for example when Anna and her romantic interest decide to walk home after a night out, and are closely followed by her chauffeur (fig. 15), but functions also to distinguish Anna from the ‘ordinary’ Londoners.
An awareness of the outside world is however displayed in various ways, through the character of Philip Adams, an American with whom Anna becomes romantically involved. Philip, due to work with NATO, travels the world, mainly between the USA, London and Paris. While Anna seems restricted to London, the world is presented as easily accessible for Philip. Anna’s restriction is illustrated first as she at the start of the narrative returns from an unsuccessful holiday abroad, which she has cut short to return to London. Then, after beginning her romance with Philip, Anna plans to go to New York to surprise him there, but this is deferred when she learns that Philip has decided to stay in London. The decision for mobility and travel remains in Philip’s hands, and Anna’s actions are limited by his mobility. Cosmopolitanism is thus again represented to be a privilege limited to the American.
The cosmopolitan notion of the blurring of national borders, described by Beck and Sznaider, is illustrated rather literally in one scene in Indiscreet in particular.[12] A split screen shows Philip who is in Paris on one side, and Anna in London on the other, as they are in bed talking to each other on the telephone. While the split screen emphasises the geographical distance between them, their movements are made to coincide so that it seems they are lying next to each other. Borders are thus suggested to be crossed through Anna’s and Philip’s interactions, while remaining intact by the split screen (fig. 16). This imagined crossing of borders can be carried out without breaking Anna’s restriction to London, while Philip retains his cosmopolitan appeal.
This idea of borders being crossed while remaining intact is highlighted by Mette Hjort and Scott MacKenzie. Referring to political theorist Benjamin Barber’s claims that “globalisation and nationalism in many cases are two sides of the same coin” they suggests that “film scholars should be intent, not so much on avoiding concepts of nationhood and nationality, but on refining them and clearly identifying their continued, although changing pertinence for film studies.”[13] This notion will be developed in the next chapter, which examines Bergman’s work with some major film directors who are generally understood as representatives of their national cinema. While this chapter has explored the interaction of nationalities and national context in Hollywood films, which take an overtly American approach to cosmopolitanism, the next chapter illustrates the continued importance of national identity despite, or due to, the reality of transnational mobility.
[1] Constantine Verevis, Film Remakes (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 3.
[2] Richard Pells, “From Modernism to the Movies: The Globalization of American Culture in the Twentieth Century,” in European Journal of American Culture, vol. 23, no. 2. (2004): 144.
[3] Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, “Introduction,” in Hollywood & Europe: Economics, Culture, National Identity 1945-95, eds. Nowell-Smith; Steven Ricci (London: BFI, 1998).
[4] Thomas Patrick Doherty, Pre-code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930-1934 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 5.
[5] Christian Viviani, “The ‘Foreign Woman’ in Classical Hollywood Cinema,” in Journeys of Desire: European Actors in Hollywood, eds. Alastair Phillips and Ginette Vincendeau (London: BFI, 2006), 99.
[6] Sean Cubitt, The Cinema Effect (Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press, 2004), 335.
[7] Ulrich Beck and Natan Sznaider, “New cosmopolitanism in the social sciences,” in The Routledge Handbook of Globalization Studies, ed. Bryan S. Turner (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), 636.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Susan Sontag, ”Literature is Freedom: Speech on the Occasion of the Award of the Peace Price of the German Booksellers Association, Frankfurt Book Fair, October 2003,” in Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations After the Iraq War, eds. Daniel Lévy; Max Pensky; John C. Torpey (London; New York: Verso, 2005), 210.
[10] Thomas Hyde, “The Moral Universe of Hitchcock’s Spellbound,” in A Hitchcock Reader, eds. Marshall Deutelbaum and Leland A. Poague (Malden; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 157.
[11] Michel Chion, The Voice in the Cinema (New York: Columbia University Pree, 1999), 5. [Italics in original]
[12] Beck and Sznaider (2010).
[13] Mette Hjort and Scott MacKenzie, “Introduction,” in Cinema & Nation, eds. Hjort and MacKenzie (London: Routledge, 2002), 2.
tisdag 21 maj 2013
Den okända Ingridfilmen
Efter att ha skrivit min mastersuppsats på ämnet, anser jag
mig vara något av en auktoritet när det kommer till Ingrid Bergmans filmer. Döm
då om min förvåning när jag för att döda tid förstrött ögnade igenom
klassikerhyllan i DVD-avdelningen på Akademibokhandeln på Mäster Samuelsgatan
för ett antal veckor sedan, och fick syn på ett DVD-omslag med Ingrids ansikte
i närbild, och en titel som jag inte kände igen. Jag köpte den givetvis utan
tvekan omedelbart. Besöket, eller The Visit, heter den.
(Jag var för övrigt allmänt imponerad av innehållet i klassikerhyllan. Där fanns en hel del spännande som jag inte förväntade mig hitta i en kommersiell bokhandel. Kan rekommenderas.)
Min mastersuppsats hade titeln ”Characters Beyond Borders - Cosmopolitanism, Otherness and National Belonging in the Films of Ingrid Bergman”, och jag skrev den när jag studerade på King’s College I London. Den handlade I stort sett om hur karaktärerna som Ingrid Bergman spelade, både i Hollywood, i Europa och i Sverige, ofta definieras av sitt utanförskap, att de ständigt förvägras integration i det samhälle eller kontext som de befinner sig i. Detta utanförskap karaktäriseras i de flesta fall av nationell tillhörighet – Bergman spelar karaktärer som i förhållande till sin manliga motpart ständigt positioneras som exotisk och annorlunda. Idéen uppstod i och med att jag själv var frustrerad över att min egen svenskhet ständigt gjorde sig påmind på olika sätt, främst genom min accent när jag pratade engelska. Folk identifierade mig omedelbart som ”annorlunda”, och delvis även exotisk, när de hörde att jag inte hade engelska som första språk. Det fick mig att fundera över andra svenskar i liknande situationer, och kom att tänka på Ingrid Bergman. Jag insåg snabbt att det var just hennes dialekt som ofta gjorde att hon förvägrades roller där hon skulle vara av en engelskspråkig nationalitet. Det skulle helt enkelt inte vara trovärdigt. (Sedan att hon spelar britt i både Inn of the Sixth Happiness och Viaggio In Italia kan väl ses som undantag som bekräftar regeln… De filmerna fungerade dock finfint i min tes på grund av deras övriga tematik – utlänning i främmande land.)
Besöket (1964) hade passat alldeles utmärkt i det andra kapitlet av min uppsats, som handlade om Bergmans Hollywoodfilmer (kapitel ett diskuterade de tidiga svenska filmerna, kapitel tre de senare europeiska auteurfilmerna). I filmen blir Bergmans svenska accent något absurd i jämförelse med Anthony Quinns, som spelar den manliga huvudrollen, perfekta amerikanska dialekt.
Filmen handlar om Serge (Anthony Quinn) som bor i en urfattig småstad i ett icke definierat Östeuropeiskt land. Han, och resten av staden, får veta att mångmiljonären Carla, som ursprungligen kommer från staden men som under skandalösa omständigheter blivit förvisad därifrån, ska återvända på besök. Stadens befolkning hoppas att hon ska kunna rädda dem från bankrutt, men Carla ställer ett ultimatum. För att hon ska donera de pengar som staden behöver, måste de avrätta Serge. Han var en gång hennes älskare, men efter att hon blivit gravid såg han till att ge henne ett rykte som horaktig för att slippa undan ansvar för barnet. Hennes rykte förstörs så till den grad att hon tvingas lämna staden och börjar jobba på bordell i en annan stad, där en miljonär finner henne och faller för henne. Hennes besök i hemstaden handlar alltså egentligen om att utkräva hämnd, och genom att locka med pengar och lyxkonsumtion lyckas hon manipulera stadens befolkning till att vända sig mot Serge och kräva hans död.
Som i så många av Bergmans Hollywoodfilmer representeras mannen som ett slags norm, som kvinnan ställs emot. Skådespelaren, om inte karaktären, är ofta amerikansk, vilket gör honom till den relaterbara i den amerikanska publikens ögon (för visst görs Hollywoodfilmer oftast med en amerikansk publik i åtanke?). Han är den hederlige, arbetsamme familjemannen, hon den exotiska fresterskan som kommer och förför en hel stad med löften om lyx.
I filmens början visas hur hela staden förbereder sig för Carlas besök. Hela befolkningen är inblandad, och förväntningarna höga. På så vis byggs Bergmans karaktär upp som annorlunda, exotisk och speciell redan från början. När hon sedan anländer ställs hennes elegans i stark kontrast mot byfolkets enkelhet – hennes exklusiva klänningar, hennes extravaganta håruppsättningar, hennes sätt att föra sig, allting utmärker henne som annorlunda. Och även så dialekten. Vilket är det konstiga. Eller det intressanta.
Efter att Carla ställt sitt ultimatum tar det några dagar innan staden bestämmer sig för att gå med på hennes krav. Under tiden sitter hon som en gudinna högt upp på en balkong med utsikt över stadens centrala torg, och Serges lilla livsmedelsaffär. Lagom symboliskt sätts hon alltså bokstavligt på ett slags piedestal, åter igen tydligt separerad från resten av befolkningen.
Det finns ytterligare detaljer i filmen som skulle kunna lyftas fram som utmärkande för hur Bergmans karaktärer ofta behandlas i Hollywoodfilmer. Men jag nöjer mig här. Jag kan bara konstatera att även denna film, som jag inte ens sett förrän för någon vecka sedan, passar väl in i den tes jag drev i min mastersuppsats. Det känns ju bättre det, än att jag så här lägligt i efterhand, skulle upptäcka en film som totalt raserar mina teorier. Allt som allt är det ingen speciell film, den var väl sådär att se, bitvis underhållande, bitvis ganska trist, men likväl intressant för mitt syfte.
Jag inser att det här inlägget är ganska introvert, med tanke på att jag inte har visat min mastersavhandling, men jag publicerar nog kapitlet om Ingrids Hollywoodfilmer här inom någon vecka.
måndag 8 april 2013
Bioaktuellt: Cloud Atlas och Oz
Jag har haft ett antal ganska tråkiga filmveckor de senaste
veckorna. Det har mest blivit att se filmer som jag själv kanske inte direkt
skulle välja att se själv. Det är i och för sig ingenting negativt, ja får se
det som ett sätt att bredda min filmvy. Jag har nämligen låtit pojkvännen sedan
två månader tillbaka bestämma filmagendan. Han vägrar se de filmer jag
föreslår. Eller snarare, för att inte dra honom i skiten, jag tjatar inte om
att vi ska se filmer som jag vet att han inte kommer att gilla. När blev ”filmvetare”
synonymt med ”usel filmsmak”?
I och för sig har vi sett en hel del filmer som vi båda velat se, och som jag verkligen gillat – men då har han oftast inte gillat dem lika mycket… Vi var till exempel och såg Cloud Atlas för några veckor sedan. Den var riktigt bra tyckte jag. Även om den ibland kändes platt, som om den missade en väsentlig poäng, eller snarare som om den skrapade på ytan på något som den tjänat mycket på att gå in på djupet på, så tyckte jag ändå att där fanns tillräckligt för att sätta igång hjärnan. Jag kände att jag helt enkelt själv får fylla i de luckor som jag upplevde i filmen, till exempel de kopplingar mellan de olika episoderna som jag tyckte inte var särskilt tydliga. Jag fann mig själv fråga, varför är dessa episoder en och samma film? Vad håller dem samman? Det var väl två-tre episoder som hörde ihop tillräckligt tydligt för att jag skulle kunna förstå motivationen bakom dem, men jag hade lätt kunnat se två eller tre olika filmer i den enda filmen. Två, tre filmer som kanske hade kunnat utveckla det där som jag tyckte saknades.
Så kan jag inte förneka att jag hade väldigt roligt när jag satt och försökte identifiera alla skådespelare, och hur deras olika karaktärer i filmen kunde kopplas ihop över generationerna. Det var nog där som behållningen fanns. Kronologin var trots allt ovanlig, och inbjöd till att jag som tittare engagerade mig i ”leken” att leta efter nyckeln till hur filmen ska avläsas. Och åtminstone för min del var det karaktärerna som stod för den nyckeln.
Hur som helst så ska jag både köpa boken och se om filmen, för jag är övertygad om att det finns någonting där som jag missar. Och jag har fått för mig att det där ”någonting” är viktigt nog för att jag ska vilja upptäcka det.
Kanske är det det som gör filmen lyckad, då? Jag köper den ändå så pass mycket att jag är villig att lägga ned både tid och pengar på att utreda vad det är jag saknar.
En annan film som det mest var pojkvännen som ville se och som jag var skeptisk till var Oz: The Great and Powerful. Och återigen var det jag som lämnade biografen smått exalterad och pojkvännen som var besviken. Jag gillade verkligen att filmen var så pass barnvänlig som den var, medan han nog hade hoppats på lite mer action och äventyr. Jag kände att hade jag varit tio år gammal hade jag verkligen superälskat den filmen, och att det är en film som jag skulle vilja att mina framtida barn ska se. Den var uppfinningsrik och bitvis faktiskt riktigt rolig. Det kändes som om den var gjord med stor skaparglädje, och att alla inblandade haft roligt när de gjorde filmen.
Dessutom är jag alltid med på noterna när en film använder sig av starka färger som främsta berättargrepp. Ska vi ha färgfilm ska färgen också utnyttjas i berättandet!
En annan sak som jag också alltid köper är det där lite metafilmiska när man använder filmen som fenomen i handlingen – trollkarlen Oz använder sig av en projektion av sig själv för att skrämma de onda häxorna. Effektivt sätt att lyfta fram filmens kraft. Särskilt uppskattat när det är i en barnfilm – vi ska indoktrinera dem så tidigt det bara går! Film kan övervinna de ondaste av onda häxor!
Jag slogs också av att karaktärerna var så väl utformade. Det går ju inte att se Oz utan att ha The Wizard of Oz i bakhuvudet, och en av den filmens stora styrkor är ju just de fantastiska karaktärerna, och deras trovärdighet och djup. De har alla sin plats i storyn, och de har alla sina egna motiv och drivkrafter. Samma sak i Oz, alla karaktärer får en roll, ingen är där som ren utfyllnad, och alla verkar ha ägnats stor omtanke.
Mitt intryck överlag är att man faktiskt har insett vilket arv det är man har att förvärva i och med att man väljer att göra en film med stark koppling till en av filmhistoriens allra, allra största filmer. Det är ingen dussinfilm man skapat, utan det är någonting unikt, någonting som hedrar sin föregångare men som också är värdig i sig själv. Jag var i alla fall imponerad.
Etiketter:
animation,
bok,
film på bio,
recension
tisdag 19 mars 2013
När Hollywood blev miljökämpe
Det här är en text som jag skrev till ett skolprojekt om hållbar utveckling. Jag kan väl inte påstå att jag är särskilt intresserad av katastroffilmer i vanliga fall, men de fungerar som ett bra exempel på hur film och hållbarhet kan kopplas samman. Jag ville helt enkelt skriva om film, och katastroffilmer var det som då låg närmast till hands ur ett miljöperspektiv. Enjoy.
Hollywood har givit oss många scenarier för Jordens undergång. Katastroffilmer det senaste tio åren har mer och mer kommit att handla om naturens förödande krafter, i form av extrema stormar, istider, eller dödliga epidemier som sprids över världen. Borta är 1950- och 60-talens gigantiska monster som invaderar jorden. Nu är det naturen som är den största fienden.
Den utvecklingen är särskilt tydlig om man tittar på Roland Emmerichs, regissören till 2012, filmer de senaste 20 åren. 1996 kom hans Independence Day, där jorden invaderas av utomjordingar. 1998 är det jätteödlan i Godzilla som attackerar. Sex år senare har miljödebatten tagit fart, och Emmerich gör The Day After Tomorrow, där klimatförändringar skapar enorma stormar och en ny istid tar över New York. Och så 2009 kommer 2012, där Jorden mer eller mindre faller samman. I 2012 gör solstormar så att Jordens skorpa hettas upp och stora sprickor bildas på Jordens yta. Som vanligt är det USA som står i centrum för händelserna. Jordbävningar förstör gator i Kalifornien, Nationalparken Yellowstone förvandlas till en gigantisk vulkan. Och det är mänsklighetens öde som står på spel.
Människan har alltid förutspått Jordens undergång. Men att katastroffilmerna nu spår att det är naturens hämnd som kommer att bli vårt slut visar vilket genomslag miljöfrågan ändå har. Även om filmerna ofta kan tyckas sensationella och överdrivna, med all fokus på underhållning, så säger de något om tiden vi lever i. Hollywood har i alla fall förstått vilket hot klimatförändringarna utgör.
Fenomenet med katastroffilmer där naturen har förstört eller är på väg att förstöra Jorden visar att det finns en önskan att se vår värld slagen i spillror. Spänningen ligger i att se allt det vi skapat och byggt rasa samman. Filmerna spelar på vår medvetenhet om hur ömtåliga vi är, och hur snabbt allt det vi idag tar för givet kan vara utplånat. Samtidigt finns det någonting ångestdämpande över att se filmer där Jorden förstörs. Vi vet att vi idag lever ohållbart. Men riktigt så illa att New York riskerar en istid eller att marken skulle falla samman är det inte ännu. Så till dess kan vi fortsätta som vanligt.
Vi klarade oss alltså från apokalypsen 2012. Men hur många scenarier måste Hollywood måla upp innan vi inser faran?
När Hollywood blev miljökämpe
I december 2012 skulle jorden gå under enligt Mayakalendern. Och enligt Hollywood. I filmen 2012 gör naturen uppror och förstör hela vår jord. Såhär några månader senare är de flesta av oss väl föga förvånade över att allting tycks vara som vanligt. Ändå säger det senaste årtiondets katastroffilmer mycket om hur vi förhåller oss till naturen och dess enorma krafter idag. Är det till och med så att Hollywood med sin världsomfattande spridning numera har den starkaste rösten i protesterna mot hur vi behandlar vår värld.Hollywood har givit oss många scenarier för Jordens undergång. Katastroffilmer det senaste tio åren har mer och mer kommit att handla om naturens förödande krafter, i form av extrema stormar, istider, eller dödliga epidemier som sprids över världen. Borta är 1950- och 60-talens gigantiska monster som invaderar jorden. Nu är det naturen som är den största fienden.
Den utvecklingen är särskilt tydlig om man tittar på Roland Emmerichs, regissören till 2012, filmer de senaste 20 åren. 1996 kom hans Independence Day, där jorden invaderas av utomjordingar. 1998 är det jätteödlan i Godzilla som attackerar. Sex år senare har miljödebatten tagit fart, och Emmerich gör The Day After Tomorrow, där klimatförändringar skapar enorma stormar och en ny istid tar över New York. Och så 2009 kommer 2012, där Jorden mer eller mindre faller samman. I 2012 gör solstormar så att Jordens skorpa hettas upp och stora sprickor bildas på Jordens yta. Som vanligt är det USA som står i centrum för händelserna. Jordbävningar förstör gator i Kalifornien, Nationalparken Yellowstone förvandlas till en gigantisk vulkan. Och det är mänsklighetens öde som står på spel.
Människan har alltid förutspått Jordens undergång. Men att katastroffilmerna nu spår att det är naturens hämnd som kommer att bli vårt slut visar vilket genomslag miljöfrågan ändå har. Även om filmerna ofta kan tyckas sensationella och överdrivna, med all fokus på underhållning, så säger de något om tiden vi lever i. Hollywood har i alla fall förstått vilket hot klimatförändringarna utgör.
Fenomenet med katastroffilmer där naturen har förstört eller är på väg att förstöra Jorden visar att det finns en önskan att se vår värld slagen i spillror. Spänningen ligger i att se allt det vi skapat och byggt rasa samman. Filmerna spelar på vår medvetenhet om hur ömtåliga vi är, och hur snabbt allt det vi idag tar för givet kan vara utplånat. Samtidigt finns det någonting ångestdämpande över att se filmer där Jorden förstörs. Vi vet att vi idag lever ohållbart. Men riktigt så illa att New York riskerar en istid eller att marken skulle falla samman är det inte ännu. Så till dess kan vi fortsätta som vanligt.
Vi klarade oss alltså från apokalypsen 2012. Men hur många scenarier måste Hollywood måla upp innan vi inser faran?
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